Баба Цоцолана (baba_zozolana): Берн (Bern)

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BernBernНе са много градовете, които са успели да запазят своите исторически характеристики толкова успешно като Берн – столицата на Швейцария. Старият град на Берн е включен от ЮНЕСКО в списъка с Историческото наследство и благодарение неговите 6 км аркади – местните хора ги наричат Lauben – Берн се хвали с най-дългите защитени от времето търговски променади в Европа.focallength 4.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3exposuretime 0.002orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520BernОсвен тези уникални аркади, историческият градски пейзаж на Берн, датиращ от 1191 г., се характеризира с Часовниковата кула (Zytglogge), Затворническата кула (Käfigturm), фонтаните със скулптури от Ренесанса, катедралата (Münster) и безупречно поддържаните фасади от пясъчник. Много от мазетата са превърнати в барове, културни центрове и специализирани магазини.focallength 4.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 3264fnumber 3exposuretime 0.003125orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 2448cameramodel COOLPIX P520Bernfocallength 13.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3.9exposuretime 0.01orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520BernШвейцарците наричат Берн свой Bundesstadt, или „федерален град“. Населението му е почти 142 хил. души и е четвъртият по големина град в Швейцария. Агломерацията Берн включва 36 общини и има население от 407 хил. души. Берн е столица и на кантона Берн – вторият по население от швейцарските кантони.focallength 6.2flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3.3exposuretime 0.002orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520BernОфициалният език в Берн е швейцарският немски, но най-говореният език е алемански швейцарски немски диалект – бернският немски.focallength 4.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3exposuretime 0.00125orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520BernПрез 1983 г. историческият стар град на Берн (Innere Stadt) в центъра е включен от ЮНЕСКО в списъка с Историческото наследство. През 2010 г. Берн се нарежда сред първите десет града в света по най-добро качество на живота.focallength 7.6flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3.4exposuretime 0.0025orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520BernЕтимологията на името „Берн“ не е ясна. Според местната легенда Берхтолд V, херцог на Зеринген – основателят на град Берн, се заклева да нарече града на първото животно, което срещне на лов, и това се оказва мечка. focallength 6.2flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3.3exposuretime 0.00125orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520BernСмята се за вероятно градът да е наречен на италианския Верона, който по онова време е известен като Берн на немски език. В резултат на откриването на Бернската цинкова плочка през 80-те години на ХХ в. днес по-скоро се приема, че градът е наречен на съществуващ топоним от келтски произход, вероятно „berna cleft“ (пукнатина). focallength 4.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3exposuretime 0.01orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520BernМечката е хералдическото животно на герба на Берн поне от 20-те години на ХІІІ в. Най-ранното споменаване на отглеждането на живи мечки в Беренграбен датира от 40-те години на ХV век.focallength 40.1flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 4.6exposuretime 0.005orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520BernБерн е разположен на швейцарското плато в кантона Берн, малко по на зарад от центъра на Швейцария и на 20 км на север от Бернските Алпи. Районът около Берн е формиран от ледници през последната ледена ероха. focallength 17.8flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 4.1exposuretime 0.004alt 530lat 46.945833long 7.443056orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520BernГрадът първоначално е построен на хълмист полуостров, заобиколен от река Аар, но израства от естествените си граници през ХІХ в. Построени са няколко моста, за да се позволи на града да се разшири отвъд реката.focallength 4.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3exposuretime 0.001orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520BernБерн е построен на неравен терен. Има няколко метра разлика във височината между районите вътре в града около Аар и по-високите квартали.focallength 8.9flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2364fnumber 3.6exposuretime 0.004orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3152cameramodel COOLPIX P520BernНяма археологически свидетелства за населяване на мястото, на което е днешният Берн, преди ХІІ век. В древността келтски укрепен град се е изправял на полуостров северно от Берн (ІІ в. пр. Хр.), за който се смята, че е един от 12-те такива укрепени градове на хелветите, споменати от Цезар. В ранното средновековие селището Бюмплиц, сега район на Берн, е на ок. 4 км от средновековния град.focallength 7.1flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 3264fnumber 3.3exposuretime 0.008orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 2448cameramodel COOLPIX P520BernСредновековният град е база на управляващото семейство Зерингер, което се издига на власт в Горна Бургундия през ХІІ век. Според историография от ХІV в. (Cronica de Berno, 1309), Берн е основан през 1191 г. от Бертолд V, херцог на Зеринген.focallength 25.8flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 4.4exposuretime 0.008orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520BernПрез 1218 г., след като Бертолд умира, без да остави наследник, Берн е обявен за свободен имперски град от Фридрих ІІ, император на Свещената римска империя.focallength 5.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3.1exposuretime 0.0015625orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520BernПрез 1353 г. Берн се присъединява към Швейцарската конфедерация, превръщайки се в един от осемте кантона на формиращия й период от 1353 до 1481 г. Берн напада и завладява Ааргау през 1415 и Во през 1536 г., както и други по-малки територии, превръщайки се в най-големия град-държава на север от Алпите.focallength 17.8flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 3264fnumber 4.1exposuretime 0.01orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 2448cameramodel COOLPIX P520BernКъм ХVІІІ в. Берн се състои от по-голямата част на днешния кантон Берн и кантон Во.focallength 13.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 3264fnumber 3.9exposuretime 0.01orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 2448cameramodel COOLPIX P520BernГрадът расте на запад от границите на полуострова, формиран от река Аар. Часовниковата кула (Zytglogge) бележи западната граница на града от 1191 до 1256 г., когато Käfigturm приема тази роля до 1345 г. След това тя е наследена от Christoffelturm (близо до днешната ж.п. гара) до 1622 г. focallength 5.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 3264fnumber 3.1exposuretime 0.00125orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 2448cameramodel COOLPIX P520BernПо време на Тридесетгодишната война две нови укрепления – т.нар. голям и малък Schanze (окоп) – са построени, за да защитават целия район на полуострова.focallength 15.1flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 3104fnumber 4exposuretime 0.0025orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 2328cameramodel COOLPIX P520BernСлед голям пожар през 1405 г. първоначалните дървени сгради на Берн постепенно са заменени от полудървени къщи, а след това и от сградите от пясъчник, които днес са толкова характерни за Стария град. focallength 4.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3exposuretime 0.004orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520BernНезависимо от вълните на заразни болести, които върлуват в Европа през ХІV век, Берн продължава да расте предимно заради имиграция от съседните провинции. focallength 7.6flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3.4exposuretime 0.00125orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520BernБерн е окупиран от френски войски през 1798 г. по време на Френските революционни войни, когато е лишен от части от териториите си. Той си връща контрола върху Бернския Оберланд през 1802 г. и след Виенския конгрес (1814) придобива Бернската Юра (френскоговорещата част на кантона Берн).focallength 4.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3exposuretime 0.002orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520BernПо това време Берн още веднъж става най-големият кантон на конфедерацията. Става федерален град (седалище на Федералното събрание) в новата швейцарска федерална държава през 1848 г.focallength 7.1flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 3264fnumber 3.3exposuretime 0.0025orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 2448cameramodel COOLPIX P520BernНяколко конгреса на социалистическия Първи и Втори интернационал се провеждат в Берн, особено по време на Първата световна война, когато Швейцария остава неутрална.focallength 7.6flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3.4exposuretime 0.005orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520BernНаселението на града се повишава от ок. 5000 през ХV в. на ок. 12 хил. към 1800 г. и на над 60 хил. към 1900 г., преминавайки 100-те хиляди през 20-те години на ХХ век. То достига пик през 60-те години (165 хиляди) и след това малко намалява (малко под 130 хиляди) към 2000 г. focallength 4.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3exposuretime 0.003125orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520BernКъм ноември 2016 г. жителите са 141 762 души, от които 100 хил. са швейцарски граждани, а 41 762 (31%) – чужденци. Допълнителни 350 хил. души живеят в градската агломерация на Берн.focallength 4.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3exposuretime 0.001orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520BernИзпълнителният орган на градската управа провежда заседанията си в Ерлахерхоф, построена от архитекта Албрехт Щюрлер след 1747 г. focallength 4.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3exposuretime 0.00125orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520BernКметството на Берн originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264orientation 1height 2448BernАпартаментът на втория етаж в сградата на ул. Kramgasse No. 49 е нает от Алберт Айнщайн от 1903 до 1905 г. focallength 4.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 3264fnumber 3exposuretime 0.01orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 2448cameramodel COOLPIX P520BernНа 18 април 1955 г. – преди повече от 50 години – Айнщайн умира в Принстън, САЩ, половин век след като неговата прочута "annus mirabilis" [забележителна година] 1905 г., в която живее в Берн, „преобръща с краката нагоре“ света на физиката. (На снимката е другата фасада на къщата.)focallength 4.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 3264fnumber 3exposuretime 0.00125orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 2448cameramodel COOLPIX P520Bernfocallength 25.8flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 3264fnumber 4.4exposuretime 0.003125orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 2448cameramodel COOLPIX P520Bernfocallength 4.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3exposuretime 0.0015625orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520Bernfocallength 4.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3exposuretime 0.0025orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520Bernfocallength 5.8flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3.2exposuretime 0.00125orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520Bernfocallength 4.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3exposuretime 0.008orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520Bernfocallength 18.7flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 3264fnumber 4.2exposuretime 0.00625orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 2448cameramodel COOLPIX P520Bernfocallength 4.9flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3.1exposuretime 0.0015625orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520Bernfocallength 7.6flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2352fnumber 3.4exposuretime 0.0015625orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3136cameramodel COOLPIX P520Bernfocallength 18.7flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 3125fnumber 4.2exposuretime 0.0025orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 2344cameramodel COOLPIX P520Bernfocallength 13.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 3264fnumber 3.9exposuretime 0.002orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 2448cameramodel COOLPIX P520Bernfocallength 8.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3.5exposuretime 0.003125orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520Bernfocallength 57.9flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 3264fnumber 4.8exposuretime 0.0015625orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 2448cameramodel COOLPIX P520Bernfocallength 6.2flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3.3exposuretime 0.0125orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520Bernfocallength 7.6flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3.4exposuretime 0.003125orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520Bernfocallength 4.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3exposuretime 0.00125orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520Bernfocallength 4.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3exposuretime 0.02orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520Bernfocallength 4.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3exposuretime 0.0125orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520Bernfocallength 4.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3exposuretime 0.002orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520Bernfocallength 4.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3exposuretime 0.001orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520Bernfocallength 21.4flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 3264fnumber 4.2exposuretime 0.0025orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 2448cameramodel COOLPIX P520Bernfocallength 12.4flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 3264fnumber 3.9exposuretime 0.002orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 2448cameramodel COOLPIX P520Bernfocallength 4.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3exposuretime 0.0025orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520Bernfocallength 8.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 2448fnumber 3.5exposuretime 0.004orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 3264cameramodel COOLPIX P520Bernfocallength 4.3flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 3264fnumber 3exposuretime 0.001orientation 1camerasoftware COOLPIX P520 V1.0originaldate 1/1/0001 6:00:00 AMwidth 2448cameramodel COOLPIX P520Bernfocallength 12.4flash 16cameramake NIKONheight 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